| Post-Remediation Testing and Verification for Mold and Bacteria
5th Edition
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. WHAT IS POST-REMEDIATION VERIFICATION (PRV)?
___A. Where Did the Concept of Clearance Testing Come From?
___B. Similarities to Asbestos Abatement
___C. Dissimilarities Between Lead Abatement and Mold Remediation
___D. How Mold / Bacteria Remediation PRV Differs from Asbestos and Lead Clearance Testing
___E. The Use of Portable HEPA-Filtered Equipment (PHEAF devices)
___F. Why Do PRV for Mold Remediation Jobs?
CHAPTER 2. POST-REMEDIATION VERIFICATION STANDARDS FOR MOLD & BACTERIA
__Trade Associations
___A. Institute for Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC) S500 (1991)
___B. Institute for Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC) S520 (2004)
___C. American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) 2004 Document
___D. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) 1999 Document
___E. National Air Duct Cleaners Association (NADCA) ACR 2001, 2006
___F. Association for the Prevention and Study of Contamination (ASPEC) 2004
___G. Institute for Resesarch on Occupational Health and Safety (IRRST) 2004
___H. International Society of Indoor Air Quality Guidelines (ISIAQ) (1996)
_Governmental Bodies
___I. Federal Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2001 Guidlines
___J. England - Ministry of Defense 2004- Requirements for air-conditioning and ventilation
___K. New York City Department of Health (NYCDOH) 1994/2002 Document
___L. Texas Department of Health (TDH) 2004 Regulation
___M. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 2003 Document
___N. University of Minnesota Bulk Analysis of Interior Ventilation Duct Insulation
___O. USACE/NAVFAC/AFCESA/NASA - Unified Facilities Guidelines
CHAPTER 3. SUMMARY OF VARIOUS PRV STANDARDS
___A. Requirements for PRV
___B. Correction of the Water Source
___C. Requirement for Containment During Removal of Mold-Contaminated Materials and/or
___ Surface Sampling
___D. Inspection of the Work-In-Progress
___E. Moisture Level Reduction
___F. Mold Odor Abatement
___G. The Use of Biocides
___H. Visual Inspection
___I. Air Sampling and/or Surface Sampling
___j. Re-inspection After Restoration is Complete
___K. Considerations Given to High-Risk Occupant Populations
___L. Summary of Recommended Post-Remediation Verification Criteria
___M. Factors Influencing PRV and the Degree of Cleanliness Assurance that is Necessary
CHAPTER 4. OBJECTIVES OF MOLD / BACTERIA PRV
___A. The Goals of PRV
___B. Documentation of the Completion of a Small-Scale Microbial Remediation Project
___C. Documentation
of Airborne Mold Spore Levels Being Normal
___D. Documentation
of Removal of Mold Contamination on Surfaces
___E. Documentation
of Bacteria Disinfection and Removal
___F. Documentation
of Health-Based Remediation Acceptability
______1.
Symptomatic Occupants
______2. Infection
Risk Occupants
CHAPTER 5. POST-REMEDIATION VERIFICATION LEVELS
___A.
PRV Level 0-A—Visual Inspection
___B. PRV Level 0-B—Visual
Inspection with Documentation
___C. PRV Level 1—Cleanliness Assurance of Mold Remediation Projects to "Typical" Conditions
___D. PRV Level 2—Cleanliness Assurance of Mold Remediation Projects for Persons Reporting Generalized
___Symptoms
___E. PRV Level 3—Cleanliness Assurance of Mold Remediation Projects for Highly Sensitive Individuals
___F. PRV Level 4—Cleanliness Assurance of Mold Remediation Projects in a Hospitals
CHAPTER 6. POST-REMEDIATION VERIFICATION DOCUMENTATION PROTOCOLS
___A.
Begin at the Beginning (If Possible)—Contractual Definition
of Clearance
___B. Pre-Remediation
Inspection
______1. Identification of the Source of Water / Moisture
______2. Pre-Remediation Air Testing (Initial and/or Background Air Testing)
______3. The Value of Pre-remediation Air Testing
______4. What About Getting Involved in a Project Half-way Through?
___C. Development
of a Scope of Work
______1. Specification for Filtered Dedicated Make-up Airr
______2. Specification of PHEAF Device Testing
______3. Specifying a PRV Level or PRV Standardr
___D. Moisture Testing—Removal
of Water / Moisture
___E. Correction of
the Water / Moisture Source?
___F. Inspection /
Documentation During Remediation
___G. Visual Inspection
______1. Definitions
of Visibly Clean in Existing Standards
______2. Visual Inspection
Condition Comparison—Clean Room Versus Mold Remediation
______3. Eye Sight
Testing
___H. Analytical Clearance
Testing
______1. Conditions
During Clearance Testing
________a. Sample
at Least 7 Days After the Start of a Major Water Intrustion
________b. Optimum
Time of Day for Sampling
________c. Should
Dehumidifiers Be Off During Clearance Testing?
________d. Should
A Dehumidification Units Be On or Off During PRV and Analytical Clearance
________ Air Testing?
________e. Should
HEPA Air Scrubbers Be On or Off During Analytical Clearance Air
Testing?
______2. Aggressive Air Sampling
________a. Accidentally Blowing Spores Off the Air Scrubber Filters
________b. Cautions for High Risk Environments
________c. Applicable to New Housing Construction?
________d. What Evaluation Standard to Use?
______3. Passive Air
Sampling
________a. The Need
for 24 Hours of Air Infiltration
________b. Properly
Shutting Off the NAMs
________c. Reestablishment
of Normal Building Air Flow and Pressure Differentials
__I. Air Testing—Viable
and Total Spore Sampling
______1. Percent Viability
(Culturable) Comparisons
______2. Comparing
Total Mold Spore Genera is Scientifically Inaccurate
________a. Polymerase
Chain Reaction (PCR) Sampling and Analysis
______3. Increased Statistical Significance
__J. Surface Testing
______1. Tape Samples
______2. Swab Samples
______3. Random Sampling
______4. Statistical Analysis
______5. Potential Biases
__K. Surface Dust Testing for Ductworkt
__L. Bulk Analysis of Duct Lining Insulation
__M. Mold Spore Analysis of Bulk Surface Dustk
__N. Bacteria PRV Testing
______1. Surface Testing
______2. Air Testing
__O. Endotoxin Testing
__P. ATP Surface Sampling for Biogenic Materials including Mold and Bacteria
__Q.B-N-acetylhexosaminidase (Mycometer) Testing for Mold
__R. Hydrolase Activity (Mycometer) Testing for Bacteria
__S. Feca Sterolsl
CHAPTER 7. NORMAL CLEANLINESS STANDARDS - PRV ANALYTICAL TESTING
__A. How Clean is Clean?
__B. PRV Air Testing Standards for Mold
______1. PR2V Comparative and Rank Order Standards for Both Culturable and Total Mold Spores
______2. PRV Standards for Culturable Mold Spore Spores_________
______3. PRV Standards for Total Mold Spores
________a. Limitations of Total Mold Spore Laboratory Analysis
________b. PRV Total Mold Spore Criteria by Other Organizations
______1. NADCA
__C. PRV Standards for Culturable Bacteria
______1. Air Standards
______2. Surface Standards Including Category 2 and 3 Water Intrusion Cleanliness Assurance
______3. Hospital PRV for Air and Surface Bacteria
______4. PRV Air Standards for Bacterial Endotoxins
______5. Legionella Testing and PRV
D. PRV Standards for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Ductwork
______1. Surface Duct Vacuum Testing Standards for Ductwork
______2. Fungi and Bacteria in Ductwork Surface Dust
______3. Duct Insulation Fungi Levels
__E. Mold and Bacteria Guidelines for the Assessment of Surfaces, Bulk Materials, Bulk Dust and Carpet Dust
______1. Criteria to Evaluate Surface Sampling Results (Tape/Swab Sampling)
______2. Criteria to Evaluate Bulk Materials
______3. Criteria to Evaluate Bulk Dust
______4. Criteria to EvaluateCarpet Dust
_______
__F. PRV Testing for Mold and Bacteria using for Biogenic Markers
______1. Sampling for Biogenic Materials by Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) (Bio-Reveal)
______2. Surface Sampling for Mold Usingβ-N-acetylhexosaminidase - Mycometer Testing
______2. Surface Sampling for Bacteria by Hydrolase Activity- Mycometer Testing.
__G. PRV Testing Using Federal Clean Room Particulate Standards
__H. PRV Analytical Testing Issues
______1. Effects of Weather and Geographical Locationk
______2. Wintertime Projects
______3. Sampling a Room with Carpeting
______4. School Buildings
______5. Buildings with Other Mold Contamination Problems
______6. Indoor Plants
______7. Pets
______8. Other Limitations
CHAPTER 8. THE STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES OF SMALL SET SAMPLING
__A. Air Sampling Statistics
______1. Development of Log-Normal, Small Sample Size, Confidence Level Statistics
________a. The Desired Confidence Level
________b. The Normalized Average of the Sampling Results
__________i. What is Normalized Data?
__________ii. What is the Normalized Average?
________c. The Geometric Standard Deviation
__________i. The Log-Normalized Average of the Sampling Results
__________ii. The Standard Deviation of the Log-Normalized Average of the Sampling Results
__________iii. The Geometric Standard Deviation (GSD)
______2. Determining the Minimum Number of Samples to Establish Statistical Significance
______3. The Establishment of the "50% of Normal Mold Spore Levels" as a Clearance Criteria
______4. Determining
Whether Clearance Air Monitoring Data is Statistically Significant
______5. Example Calculation
of Statistical Significance for Clearance Testing of Mold Spores
__B. Surface Sampling
Statistics
______1. Sampling
Tables for Various Acceptable Quality Levels (AQLs)
______2. Example Calculation
of Statistcial Significance for Surface Clearance Testing of Mold
______Spores
_
CHAPTER 9. WHO SHOULD BE PERFORMING PRV?
__A.
The Use of Qualified Individuals
__B. The Use of Qualified
Analysis Laboratories
__C. The Use of Calibrated
Equipment
__D. There Should
Be No Conflict of Interest Between the IEP and the Remediation Firm
__E. Should a Remediation
Contractor Do Their Own PRV Testing?
__F. Who Should Hire
the IEP?
__G. Should an IEP/Remediation
Contractor Analyze Their Own Samples?
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: Selection
and Use of Biocides
APPENDIX 2: Selection
and Use of Mold-Retarding Encapsulants, Coatings, and Paints
APPENDIX 3: Sample
Post-Remediation Verification Level Checklists
APPENDIX 4: Sample
Infection Control Risk Assesment Procedures
APPENDIX 5: 95%
Confidence Level Analysis Graphs
APPENDIX 6: PRV
Selection Flowchart
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(over 140 references!) |
Table of Contents